Isuppose the key question here is, did Zirbel take DHEA knowingly or was it a case of contamination of a supplement. And futhermore what was the level present which might give us a clue to which is was or perhaps not.
As far as DHEA being a performance enhancing drug:
"DHEA supplements are sometimes used as muscle-building or performance-enhancing drugs by athletes. However, a randomized placebo-controlled trial found that DHEA supplementation had no (statistically significant) effect on lean body mass, strength, or
testosterone levels.
[14]"
More here:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DehydroepiandrosteroneDHEA is the most common hormone in the body and has been found useful to adjust to a higher level for the over 65 age. Often referred to as the "master" or "youth" hormone, after age 25 our bodies poroduce approx. 1% less per year. Low levels have been linked to the common "aging or deteriorative" diseases.
Is it possible it was a case of cross contamination?
It's quite possible this is the case if the supplements were manufactured in a facility where DHEA is made or encapsulated... this wouldn't be the first time that cross contamination of a hormone occurred in a supplement. Often due to not cleaning the machines used to capsule machines well. The same occurs with food: if you recall notes on packages warning that the food was (or was not) processed in a facility packaging peanuts and other nuts - a matter of allergies.
It happens.
I know of two companies that test their products to see you only get whats on the label. USANA is the only company I know of that offers a million dollar policy for athletes if a positive happens while taking their supplements. They also offer sponsorships if you are an elite or pro. (They sponsored Jelly Belly team a few years back.)
I've also read where supplement manufacturers have often used some hormones in the first batches of their "New Improved" supplements to get the buzz going as a marketing strategy. No doubt there are some bad actors in this business that might drop to this level in an attempt to increase sales of their latest nutritional product. (It all comes down to morals/ethics and greed doesn't it?)
Regards the DHSEA Law: One needs to know some history of nutritional research and the supplement industry. The American Medical Association and Drug industry have tried to outlaw vitamins and supplements for sale without a prescription for over 40 years. The doctors would have loved to see you drop in for a paid visit for a prescription for something as innocuous as Vitamin C or Vitamin B Complex and the drug manufacturers would prefer to happily overcharge you by a factor of 10, for the same supplements that today are relatively inexpensive. (as they are happy to do with the drugs they produce)
If this had not been passed this would have been the scenario today. It also would have slowed or stopped the tremendous amount of research in nutrition. Oddly enough in spite of the consistent claims of the AMA that vitamins have no value on; survey 85% of doctors use supplements.
In my viewpoint it would have been criminal to allow the AMA and Drug companies their way with this.
In saying this, I don't cut any slack for nutrition companies who are careless in producing supplements that are contaminated with something not on the label.
The "strict liability" clause is generally applied or has been in the past though the trace amount was so small that it was noted in the decision, that no performance increase or bernefit would have been possible. This seems draconian to me, but hasn't stopped wada or usada from seeking bans.
I'll also note here that I take DHEA, but I'm 64 years old and I'm not racing. If I was racing I'd stop taking it. It might make more sense that DHEA be allowed under a doctors supervision for riders over 45 - 50 under doctors supervision for the masters classes which might benefit their overall health. But I leave it at that.
So it is possible, but its also possible that even if it was contamination and it can be proven Zirbel will face a almost certain punishment although he never intended on cheating and gained nothing in the way of increased performance from the tainted supplement.
One last thing here, Tyler Hamilton's case is quite different as Hamilton made a choice and new DHEA was in the supplement he took. He might have faired better if he had gotten a prescription from a doctor and applied for a TUE. So it's a bit nonsequitor that his name is mentioned in this thread at all.
Happy New Year!
V